The eight key issues After the re-opening of universities and colleges in 1999, the government scattered universities in different regions. assessment systems still encourage memorisation of facts, which has General Information . Now, the new government of Myanmar has also made education reform a national priority. According to the revised primary curriculum started from 2001, natural science, moral and civics, painting and music, physical education and school activities are added. Universities have traditionally been hotbeds of education since the British colonial era. In order to meet this MDG goal, full access to and the quality of primary education in Myanmar, there will be more demand on expenditure for education from the State budget, training and recruitment of teachers, a better education standard, the number of schools and its facilities. English was reintroduced as a medium of instruction in 1982. High marks in a subject garner a distinction known as gondu . Universities and professional institutes from upper Myanmar and lower Myanmar are run by two separate entities, the Departments of Higher Learning 1 and 2, whose offices are based in Mandalay and Yangon respectively. +, Due to students' protest of 8888 Uprising, all universities were closed around Burma for 2 years. In Myanmar once also known as Burma decades of political conflict have reduced a once-proud education system to one that is lagging sadly. In order to find solutions to the challenges and gaps in the current education system, since July This decision to neglect the teaching of English was later reversed, in the late 1980s, yet although it has since remained on the syllabus, the move did little to improve teaching methods. Education System. The government has also prioritized the expansion of distance education programs, where students spend only a few days a year on campus. EdStats (Education Statistics) provides data and analysis on a wide range of education topics such as access, quality, learning outcomes, teachers, education expenditures, and education equality. Although there are a small number of universities that offer courses considered to be of some quality, most tertiary education in Myanmar is viewed simply as a rubber stamp rather than a preparation for effective participation in society. Myanmar spends five times more on the military than it does on education and health care combined. There is little or no emphasis on understanding the information being committed to memory, or being able to practically apply it. Education, particularly higher education, is often perceived as a potential threat by the authorities who exercise strict control over education institutions. Participation in Education. Progress and Completion in Education . Myanmar’s ambitious plans for its state school system count on the assistance and input of international experts, including NGOs. As the land area of Myanmar is just over 677,000 sq km, the farthest distance from home to school is about 2 kilometers on average. Abstract: With the importance of education, globally, nationally, and provincially, rural teacher education is emerging an important field of study to promote a nation’s education development.This paper mainly thus focuses on the real situations of the challenges of qualified teacher education encountering in rural areas in Myanmar. Myanmar’s education reform began in 2011 when the country’s government system changed from a military government to a democracy. Some schools or teachers may allow Muslim students to leave the classroom during this recitation, but there does not appear to be a centrally mandated exemption for non-Buddhist students [Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor International Religious Freedom Report for 2011 ^], School uniforms are mandatory throughout public schools in Burma, from kindergarten until the 10th standard. Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write): total population: 89.9 percent; male: 93.9 percent; female: 86.4 percent (2006 est.). Students who achieve distinctions in five or more subjects (or a combined total of approximately 500/600) are generally guaranteed placement in one of Myanmar's medical universities, the most selective of universities. Students are considered as vessels to be filled with pre-ordained ‘knowledge’ which they must learn by heart. +, High schools students choose one of 2 tracks upon entering high school: science or arts. Most of these problems in infrastructure and investment can be traced to one single root – quality of education. But things are beginning to change for the better. The Myanmar government has discouraged large concentrations of students on campuses, and the development of student networks, by making it illegal for students of one university to enter the campus of another. +, According to Myanmar’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs: "Every school-age child in school" and "education for all" are the mottoes which guide Myanmar's educational efforts. Due to attempts to There has been a steady erosion of higher education since 1962. published. Another series of students' strike in 1996 and 1998 resulted in another three years of closure. Alma Shkreli, Expert in TVET Alma Shkreli is a TVET expert and consultant. allow for analytical, creative thinking or free discussion and expression This is part one of a five-part post by Monash University students from a two-week study tour to Myanmar.. Editor’s Note: In July this year, nineteen Criminology students from Monash University travelled to Myanmar on a two-week study tour, sponsored by the New Colombo Plan Mobility Grant. Despite facing many difficulties, Karen and Mon communities demonstrate great commitment to education, under often very difficult circumstances. But Myanmar’s power problem must be fixed if the country is to keep up with the pace at which its economy is developing, Chaiyot Piyawannarat, managing director of power grid maker ABB Limited in Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia and Laos, told The Myanmar Times. Their potential to aggravate or ameliorate conflicts also needs to be thoroughly … Problems of Myanmar: The basic problems of Myanmar can be classified into three areas: poverty, Dictatorship, and illegal markets. Throughout Myanmar there is a shortage of good schools. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. After they graduate there are few jobs for university graduates. In some cases students study in classrooms set up near military bases far out in the countryside or students that once studied in Rangoon study in Mandalay or Prome. 1990 and Phase I—Final Report (of the diagnostic Furthermore, to promote greater access to and the quality of Basic Education, the Thirty-Year Long-Term Basic Education Development Plan (2001-02 FY to 2030-31 FY) is being implemented in Myanmar. First, the economy is … The existing examination and Instead, they typically study overseas, at destinations such as Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, United Kingdom and the United States. Investment in this sector is accorded a low priority by the government. Education provides individuals with the opportunity to improve their lives, become successful members of their communities and actively contribute to national socio-economic development. The education system is based on the United Kingdom's system, due to nearly a century of British presence in Myanmar. Education in Myanmar still faces issues identified by the ESS and Myanmar's education system is in a very weakened state. Today, the military still retains control of many key areas and the new government continues to face challenges in addressing the various problems facing Myanmar’s children, like high levels of poverty, malnutrition, ethnic conflicts, HIV and the lack of quality education. Many universities have been built and scattered throughout cities to prevent students from potential unrest. +. They may go for some private tuition. Children of military personnel and those with military connections are often given easier access to the more prestigious secondary schools. Myanmar Education Challenges - Duration: 11:01. “When the pandemic reached Myanmar, the LGBTQI community did their bit by going out on the street, handing out masks, sanitizing gel, and educational pamphlets,” said Htike Htike of Asia Foundation, who is also an LGBTQI-rights activist. Once at its zenith in the region, Myanmar today has unqualified teachers, very little resources, and aging materials. Women struggle to secure decision-making positions.1 Structural (and psychological) impediments block their participation in certain sectors or occupations: for example, until October 2013, women were only allowed entry into entirely feminised roles in the army: secretaries, … There is much corruption in educational equality. One exiled Burmese editor told Newsweek, “Knowledge in paralyzed. textbooks have been introduced and tried, but rote learning is still the When the U.S. Information Service began offering classes in the late 1990s, fistfights broke out among those anxious to get in. stifled attempts to instil analytical and creative thinking. [Source: Thu Hein Kyaw, Accent Learning, ELTO Intake], Problems with the Myanmar Education System, According to Arohana, Thabyay Education Network: “Despite the high value placed on education in Myanmar culture, the state education system has long been in decline, suffering from a critical lack of resources and skills. secondary schools nationwide, helping millions of children gain knowledge 6 However, compared to the situation in more developed countries, the people of Myanmar may find it more urgent to provide for their basic needs (food, clothing, and … In the early years after independence, Burma had an extensive network of missionary schools that employed foreign teachers that children English and other subjects. Progress and Completion in Education. Burma, officially known as Myanmar, is predicted to see healthy GDP growth of 8.4% in the year up to March 2017. A complementary approach in education is to develop a healthy moral mind in a healthy active body. Lower Secondary and Upper Secondary Schools in Burma are under the Department of Basic Education. But years of mismanagement … Major universities include the University of Yangon (formerly known as Rangoon Arts and Sciences University, founded in 1920), Yangon Technical University, University of Yangon and the University of Mandalay. The boy uniform is a white shirt (with a Mandarin collar or uncollared) and a green sarong called a paso, along with Burmese sandals. Those schools gradually gave way to public schools, but many young men continue to receive some education in monasteries. After the re-opening of universities and colleges in 1999, the government scattered universities in different regions. It is estimated that 20% of Myanmar’s children have no schooling.The government provides no real funds for education, and parents are not always able to … "Or they go out to tea shops with friends. With schools often closed and in such poor condition parents that can afford it send their kids to private after-school schools that offer computer and English classes. Key challenges in Myanmar include limitations in the quality of education services at all levels of education and the number of qualified teachers, as well as weak school infrastructure and outdated teaching methods. The relocation of certain universities were made under relative ministries. Myanmar has the opportunity to engage in higher education with the rest of the world. It drastically cut spending, began to emphasize rote learning and - fearing the student movements - … Preschools are opened for children over 2 years of age and they are in extensive care or public systems. Education Expenditures. [++ Statistics from 1997-1998], The education system of Myanmar is operated by the Ministry of Education. Participation in Education. When universities have reopened, to avoid trouble, classes have often been scheduled at locations away from the campuses. Following an optional pre-school period, children enter primary school for 5 compulsory years. Teachers in state educati… "Now I … Myanmar. From Asia, Thailand’s Thepsatri Rajabhat University and several South Korean universities have offered partnerships. General Information. Equality Myanmar also produces a wide range of human rights education resources in Burmese and … In conflict-affected areas of Myanmar, nearly 951,000 people will need protection, 913,000 will need WASH support, 278,000 will need education and 818,000 will need health and nutrition support due to conflict and displacement. The new education policies in the country should not only be linked to concerns about learning and cognition in schools but also to internal conflicts. The majority of students are studying fulltime in tertiary education under the management of the Ministry of Education, while some students are accessing higher education Level/Standard and Typical age: Preschool: Pre-Kindergarten 4–5; Elementary school: Kindergarten 5–6; Standard 1 6–7; Standard 2 7–8; Standard 3 8–9; Standard 4 9–10; Middle school: Standard 5 10–11; Standard 6 11–12; Standard 7 12–13; Standard 8 13–14; High school: Standard 9 14–15; Standard 10 15–16; In the mid 2000s, teachers were paid the equivalent of $8 a month, doctors, $15. In developing countries like Myanmar, environmental education is being linked to the elimination of hunger, poverty, illiteracy, and repression as well as the enhancement of equality and harmony among nations. Myanmar’s Urbanization: Creating Opportunities for All provides an inclusive urbanization framework that includes three key dimensions; economic, social and spatial. There is no proper equipment in the schools. Every child from the age of five attends a primary school. At this moment, there are about 185,000 primary school teachers and as a result the overall teacher-student ratio is 1:29. Myanmar has the opportunity to engage in higher education with the rest of the world. The university school year is less than six months. The curriculum is scrutinized by the military regime, and it often is forbidden to teach in languages other than Burmese. During this period Burmese universities were thought to be the most prestigious in Southeast Asia. Curriculum reform is an issue that also needs to be addressed In 1977, the 2 year regional college system was introduced by the Burmese government, as a way to disperse college students until they were about to graduate (the third and fourth years were spent at a traditional university), a system that was ended in 1981. However, improvement were rapidly made despite the early disturbances. Browse by country. Today, Myanmar lags far behind the developed world in terms of educational standards. the integrity of the system when candidates still scramble to ‘buy’ sets The government has also prioritized the expansion of distance education programs, where students spend only a few days a year on campus. Vocational Education and Training System of Myanmar, where her work focused on the link between economic development, education, and skills. Primary Education. In order to find solutions to the challenges and gaps in the current education system, since July Early years and primary education It was finally formalized in 1992 with permission from the government. They follow the official primary curriculum. [Source: Wikipedia +], Secondary schools are usually combined, containing both middle and high schools. Burma's high literacy rate almost kept the country from getting "least developed country" aid in the 1980s. The erosion of Myanmar’s once-prestigious education network began in 1964, when English was abandoned as a core subject under the orders of General Ne Win. [Source: Thu Hein Kyaw, Accent Learning, ELTO Intake <, “The Myanmar government aims to enable every individual to acquire basic education. As a further support toward this goal monastic schools have been revied. Recent violence in the western Rakhine state displaced over 140,000 people, many of whom were minority Rohingya Muslims. Text Sources: New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Times of London, Lonely Planet Guides, The Irrawaddy, Myanmar Travel Information Compton’s Encyclopedia, The Guardian, National Geographic, Smithsonian magazine, The New Yorker, Time, Newsweek, Reuters, AP, AFP, Wall Street Journal, The Atlantic Monthly, The Economist, Global Viewpoint (Christian Science Monitor), Foreign Policy, burmalibrary.org, burmanet.org, Wikipedia, BBC, CNN, NBC News, Fox News and various books and other publications. <>, “Universities are kept on a particularly tight leash. Ministry of Education, UNESCO and the UN Development Program (UNDP), was a Today, Myanmar’s education system is run by the government and consists of five segments: early childhood care and development (ECCD), basic education, alternative education… non-state ethnic minority education regimes in Burma/Myanmar, and analysed the roles of various stakeholders, including teachers, parents, domestic and international donors. Some Christian theological seminaries and Bible schools continued to operate, along with several Islamic madrassahs. General Information. As a popular private school, Myanmar International School Yangon offers the highest possible standard of education through a broad and balanced curriculum. In conflict-affected areas of Myanmar, nearly 951,000 people will need protection, 913,000 will need WASH support, 278,000 will need education and 818,000 will need health and nutrition support due to conflict and displacement. Education expenditures: 0.8 percent of GDP (2011), country comparison to the world: 172. that it lends itself to rote learning. strengthening curriculum development to meet changing needs. Myanmar’s Urbanization: Creating Opportunities for All provides an inclusive urbanization framework that includes three key dimensions; economic, social and spatial. Leadership, organization, and history. And that's the way the government likes things -- it doesn't need intelligent people asking too many questions. Only at the end of the high schools or at the entrance of the college/university, the system is changed. The quality of school teachers may be excellent, however aging materials sadly let them down. Already, many significant partnerships have been established through the Ministry of Education. Nearly all schools are government-operated, but recently, there has been an increase in privately funded schools (which specialise in English). The number of State-run schools called public schools is over 41,000 in the whole country. [Source: Thu Hein Kyaw, Accent Learning, ELTO Intake <. The school year ends in October. From 5th standard until matriculation, traditional Burmese attire is considered appropriate school uniform. After Burma (Myanmar) achieved independence in 1948 its schools were regarded as among the best in Asia. Instruction is free and obligatory up to the age of 10—which is well short of the international average. In 1946, the Buddhists started a monastic education project with the aim of opening more monastic schools in remote regions. In the pre-colonial era, male education was emphasized in the traditional Buddhist monastic education system. Myanmar is the only developing Asian country with a defence budget that is greater than the education and health budgets combined (Ref Myanmar in Transition A report by the Asian Development Bank 2012) “There are significant disparities in access to health services between regions and certain ethnic groups,” says Myint Oo. The obvious challenge for policy-makers in Myanmar would appear to be around the scale and mix of investment in higher education. Graduates lack the necessary practical and analytical skills to tackle Myanmar’s immediate humanitarian crisis, and the chronic political, social and economic woes that have blighted the country for two generations. Since 1990s, new structure of education system was weak as government faced crisis to universities' clash and set up a 6th months term for an academic year. The current curriculum is so overloaded with factual knowledge The ESS was begun in Education Expenditures. Classroom practices also do not identified for development of the education sector in Myanmar are: redefining the role of primary General Information . A: Personally, a surprising discovery about education in Myanmar is that there is a lot of information existing. method preferred by teachers and students. The status of women in Myanmar is evolving against a backdrop of stark exclusion from public life. In Myanmar society education is traditionally valued as a key determinant for social mobility and it is widely recognised as a critical building block for nation In the 1960s, Ne Win decreed that English was the language of colonizers and should no longer be taught in schools. Questions or comments, e-mail ajhays98@yahoo.com. In Myanmar the government compulsory primary education policy consists of Grade One to Five. 6.9 Myanmar has 158 tertiary education institutions, colleges, degree colleges and universities, which are overseen by respective Ministries. It had a high literacy rate. Students attending these universities are often not allowed to speak freely, to write freely or to publish freely. Such material is made available in an effort to advance understanding of country or topic discussed in the article. <<, In order to have a better education environment, not only public schools but also private and religious-run schools are playing in an active role. Since January 2014, she has held the position of Despite facing many difficulties, Karen and Mon communities demonstrate great commitment to education, under often very difficult circumstances. Now, the new government of Myanmar has also made education reform a national priority. In 2004, the Myanmar government said that between 1989 and 2004 the number of colleges and universities increased from 32 to 154 with student enrollment rising from 120,000 to 890,000. Education and Literacy. The primary students in those schools numbered over 160,000 by the year of 2005-06. Toggle navigation. According to 2010 statistics, the literacy rate in Myanmar has 92 percent which is higher than some South East Asian countries. The Equipping Youth for Employment Project (EYE) the first ADB loan for Myanmar's education sector aims to strengthen the country's education … Most curricula and learning materials in the Myanmar state education system are desperately out of date and have little practical application to the current context. Teachers in state education institutions commonly earn around US$20-30 per month, leading to a lack of motivation, difficulties in recruiting quality teaching staff, and encouraging teachers to prioritize paid private tuition over their school jobs. Thu Hein Kyaw of Accent Learning wrote: “Myanmar’s population is about 60 million and the number of primary school students in 2011 was around 5.2 million, approximately 8 percent of total population. However, 1962 coup d'etat isolated and impoverished Burma. Participation in Education . New system had been made that the university term was shortened by one year, providing a bachelor degree for just three year course. instructional materials. Many students attend universities in other countries such as Singapore and Thailand for a Master's degree. Abstract: With the importance of education, globally, nationally, and provincially, rural teacher education is emerging an important field of study to promote a nation’s education development.This paper mainly thus focuses on the real situations of the challenges of qualified teacher education encountering in rural areas in Myanmar. However, the educational system was adversely affected by the coup d’états in 1962 and 1988, with academic spaces being targeted by the military to curb student protests and uprisings. Campuses in Rangoon and Mandalay were forced to relocate to isolated locations far from city centers due to security concerns. Universities and Higher Education in Myanmar. The Education Sector Study (ESS), a collaborative effort of the In 2005, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs officially announced that Burma education was reaching an international standard and the government had fully entitled to 156 universities and colleges in Myanmar. The number of female students enrolled in school rose 61 percent (by 45,000 students) from 1911-1921, and another 82 percent (100,000 students) from 1921 to 1931 with expansion of the colonial and private education system, primarily in the form of all-girls schools. Progress and Completion in Education. system, linking education to life after school and [Source: Arohana, Thabyay Education Network], According to the U.S. Department of State: ““Buddhist doctrine remains part of the state-mandated curriculum in all government-run elementary schools. This was mirrored by an increase in female employment. Those with Diploma A are allowed to continue their educations at university. Education Sector Development (volumes one and two) were A typical university student in Myanmar takes classes by correspondence, never enters a library and attends class only for 10 days of cramming before exams. Notwithstanding some entrenched problems, Myanmar, as a latecomer, can leapfrog in education just as it did in telecommunications. Small private schools have long waiting lists or charge tuition fees much higher than what most people can afford. 11:01. Since that time there has been a repeated cycle of opening and closing the universities and colleges that has made serious study virtually impossible. Leadership, organization, and history. In villages, secular schooling often takes place in monasteries. Burma, officially known as Myanmar, is predicted to see healthy GDP growth of 8.4% in the year up to March 2017. Accordingly, 20 private schools so far have been approved to open among the 67 which had sought permission from the Ministry of Education. Climate Change & Health with Covid19 update, 10 September 2020. In 1977, the 2 year regional college system was introduced by the Burmese government, as a way to disperse college students until they were about to graduate (the third and fourth years were spent at a traditional university), a system that was ended in 1981. HIV-AIDS: WHO Myanmar World AIDS Day special factsheet (1 December 2020) in Myanmar language. non-state ethnic minority education regimes in Burma/Myanmar, and analysed the roles of various stakeholders, including teachers, parents, domestic and international donors. Burmese society has traditionally valued and stressed the importance of education. Andrew Tan 9,756 views. When United Nations Millennium Declaration set eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000, every country has to ensure that children everywhere will be able to complete a full course of primary education by 2015. +, At the end of Standard 10, students take the University Entrance Examination , commonly referred to as the matriculation exam in English, administered by the Myanmar Board of Examinations annually in mid-March. In Myanmar once also known as Burma decades of political conflict have reduced a once-proud education system to one that is lagging sadly. This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been authorized by the copyright owner. “It will be particularly important to reach children who have dropped out, migrant children and internally displaced … The children in this level also learn Geography and History in addition to those subjects of lower level. The Octennial Report on Education in Burma (1956) pointed out that Nicolo Mannuci, a Venetian who travelled in Myanmar about 1700 A.D. described the country “as a kingdom governed by the pen, for not a single person can go from one village into another without a paper or writing” (p1). “When the pandemic reached Myanmar, the LGBTQI community did their bit by going out on the street, handing out masks, sanitizing gel, and educational pamphlets,” said Htike Htike of Asia Foundation, who is also an LGBTQI-rights activist. But, more needs to be done and Myanmar cannot afford to drag and delay the implementation of comprehensive reforms in the education sector. While education is so low they have been revied education ): total: 9 years ( )! Almost kept the country ’ s universities and colleges were closed around Burma for two.... Modern education began under King Mindon ( 1853–1878 ), country comparison to the.... 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The eight key issues After the re-opening of universities and colleges in 1999, the government scattered universities in different regions. assessment systems still encourage memorisation of facts, which has General Information . Now, the new government of Myanmar has also made education reform a national priority. According to the revised primary curriculum started from 2001, natural science, moral and civics, painting and music, physical education and school activities are added. Universities have traditionally been hotbeds of education since the British colonial era. In order to meet this MDG goal, full access to and the quality of primary education in Myanmar, there will be more demand on expenditure for education from the State budget, training and recruitment of teachers, a better education standard, the number of schools and its facilities. English was reintroduced as a medium of instruction in 1982. High marks in a subject garner a distinction known as gondu . Universities and professional institutes from upper Myanmar and lower Myanmar are run by two separate entities, the Departments of Higher Learning 1 and 2, whose offices are based in Mandalay and Yangon respectively. +, Due to students' protest of 8888 Uprising, all universities were closed around Burma for 2 years. In Myanmar once also known as Burma decades of political conflict have reduced a once-proud education system to one that is lagging sadly. In order to find solutions to the challenges and gaps in the current education system, since July This decision to neglect the teaching of English was later reversed, in the late 1980s, yet although it has since remained on the syllabus, the move did little to improve teaching methods. Education System. The government has also prioritized the expansion of distance education programs, where students spend only a few days a year on campus. EdStats (Education Statistics) provides data and analysis on a wide range of education topics such as access, quality, learning outcomes, teachers, education expenditures, and education equality. Although there are a small number of universities that offer courses considered to be of some quality, most tertiary education in Myanmar is viewed simply as a rubber stamp rather than a preparation for effective participation in society. Myanmar spends five times more on the military than it does on education and health care combined. There is little or no emphasis on understanding the information being committed to memory, or being able to practically apply it. Education, particularly higher education, is often perceived as a potential threat by the authorities who exercise strict control over education institutions. Participation in Education. Progress and Completion in Education . Myanmar’s ambitious plans for its state school system count on the assistance and input of international experts, including NGOs. As the land area of Myanmar is just over 677,000 sq km, the farthest distance from home to school is about 2 kilometers on average. Abstract: With the importance of education, globally, nationally, and provincially, rural teacher education is emerging an important field of study to promote a nation’s education development.This paper mainly thus focuses on the real situations of the challenges of qualified teacher education encountering in rural areas in Myanmar. Myanmar’s education reform began in 2011 when the country’s government system changed from a military government to a democracy. Some schools or teachers may allow Muslim students to leave the classroom during this recitation, but there does not appear to be a centrally mandated exemption for non-Buddhist students [Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor International Religious Freedom Report for 2011 ^], School uniforms are mandatory throughout public schools in Burma, from kindergarten until the 10th standard. Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write): total population: 89.9 percent; male: 93.9 percent; female: 86.4 percent (2006 est.). Students who achieve distinctions in five or more subjects (or a combined total of approximately 500/600) are generally guaranteed placement in one of Myanmar's medical universities, the most selective of universities. Students are considered as vessels to be filled with pre-ordained ‘knowledge’ which they must learn by heart. +, High schools students choose one of 2 tracks upon entering high school: science or arts. Most of these problems in infrastructure and investment can be traced to one single root – quality of education. But things are beginning to change for the better. The Myanmar government has discouraged large concentrations of students on campuses, and the development of student networks, by making it illegal for students of one university to enter the campus of another. +, According to Myanmar’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs: "Every school-age child in school" and "education for all" are the mottoes which guide Myanmar's educational efforts. Due to attempts to There has been a steady erosion of higher education since 1962. published. Another series of students' strike in 1996 and 1998 resulted in another three years of closure. Alma Shkreli, Expert in TVET Alma Shkreli is a TVET expert and consultant. allow for analytical, creative thinking or free discussion and expression This is part one of a five-part post by Monash University students from a two-week study tour to Myanmar.. Editor’s Note: In July this year, nineteen Criminology students from Monash University travelled to Myanmar on a two-week study tour, sponsored by the New Colombo Plan Mobility Grant. Despite facing many difficulties, Karen and Mon communities demonstrate great commitment to education, under often very difficult circumstances. But Myanmar’s power problem must be fixed if the country is to keep up with the pace at which its economy is developing, Chaiyot Piyawannarat, managing director of power grid maker ABB Limited in Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia and Laos, told The Myanmar Times. Their potential to aggravate or ameliorate conflicts also needs to be thoroughly … Problems of Myanmar: The basic problems of Myanmar can be classified into three areas: poverty, Dictatorship, and illegal markets. Throughout Myanmar there is a shortage of good schools. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. After they graduate there are few jobs for university graduates. In some cases students study in classrooms set up near military bases far out in the countryside or students that once studied in Rangoon study in Mandalay or Prome. 1990 and Phase I—Final Report (of the diagnostic Furthermore, to promote greater access to and the quality of Basic Education, the Thirty-Year Long-Term Basic Education Development Plan (2001-02 FY to 2030-31 FY) is being implemented in Myanmar. First, the economy is … The existing examination and Instead, they typically study overseas, at destinations such as Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, United Kingdom and the United States. Investment in this sector is accorded a low priority by the government. Education provides individuals with the opportunity to improve their lives, become successful members of their communities and actively contribute to national socio-economic development. The education system is based on the United Kingdom's system, due to nearly a century of British presence in Myanmar. Education in Myanmar still faces issues identified by the ESS and Myanmar's education system is in a very weakened state. Today, the military still retains control of many key areas and the new government continues to face challenges in addressing the various problems facing Myanmar’s children, like high levels of poverty, malnutrition, ethnic conflicts, HIV and the lack of quality education. Many universities have been built and scattered throughout cities to prevent students from potential unrest. +. They may go for some private tuition. Children of military personnel and those with military connections are often given easier access to the more prestigious secondary schools. Myanmar Education Challenges - Duration: 11:01. “When the pandemic reached Myanmar, the LGBTQI community did their bit by going out on the street, handing out masks, sanitizing gel, and educational pamphlets,” said Htike Htike of Asia Foundation, who is also an LGBTQI-rights activist. Once at its zenith in the region, Myanmar today has unqualified teachers, very little resources, and aging materials. Women struggle to secure decision-making positions.1 Structural (and psychological) impediments block their participation in certain sectors or occupations: for example, until October 2013, women were only allowed entry into entirely feminised roles in the army: secretaries, … There is much corruption in educational equality. One exiled Burmese editor told Newsweek, “Knowledge in paralyzed. textbooks have been introduced and tried, but rote learning is still the When the U.S. Information Service began offering classes in the late 1990s, fistfights broke out among those anxious to get in. stifled attempts to instil analytical and creative thinking. [Source: Thu Hein Kyaw, Accent Learning, ELTO Intake], Problems with the Myanmar Education System, According to Arohana, Thabyay Education Network: “Despite the high value placed on education in Myanmar culture, the state education system has long been in decline, suffering from a critical lack of resources and skills. secondary schools nationwide, helping millions of children gain knowledge 6 However, compared to the situation in more developed countries, the people of Myanmar may find it more urgent to provide for their basic needs (food, clothing, and … In the early years after independence, Burma had an extensive network of missionary schools that employed foreign teachers that children English and other subjects. Progress and Completion in Education. Burma, officially known as Myanmar, is predicted to see healthy GDP growth of 8.4% in the year up to March 2017. A complementary approach in education is to develop a healthy moral mind in a healthy active body. Lower Secondary and Upper Secondary Schools in Burma are under the Department of Basic Education. But years of mismanagement … Major universities include the University of Yangon (formerly known as Rangoon Arts and Sciences University, founded in 1920), Yangon Technical University, University of Yangon and the University of Mandalay. The boy uniform is a white shirt (with a Mandarin collar or uncollared) and a green sarong called a paso, along with Burmese sandals. Those schools gradually gave way to public schools, but many young men continue to receive some education in monasteries. After the re-opening of universities and colleges in 1999, the government scattered universities in different regions. It is estimated that 20% of Myanmar’s children have no schooling.The government provides no real funds for education, and parents are not always able to … "Or they go out to tea shops with friends. With schools often closed and in such poor condition parents that can afford it send their kids to private after-school schools that offer computer and English classes. Key challenges in Myanmar include limitations in the quality of education services at all levels of education and the number of qualified teachers, as well as weak school infrastructure and outdated teaching methods. The relocation of certain universities were made under relative ministries. Myanmar has the opportunity to engage in higher education with the rest of the world. It drastically cut spending, began to emphasize rote learning and - fearing the student movements - … Preschools are opened for children over 2 years of age and they are in extensive care or public systems. Education Expenditures. [++ Statistics from 1997-1998], The education system of Myanmar is operated by the Ministry of Education. Participation in Education. When universities have reopened, to avoid trouble, classes have often been scheduled at locations away from the campuses. Following an optional pre-school period, children enter primary school for 5 compulsory years. Teachers in state educati… "Now I … Myanmar. From Asia, Thailand’s Thepsatri Rajabhat University and several South Korean universities have offered partnerships. General Information. Equality Myanmar also produces a wide range of human rights education resources in Burmese and … In conflict-affected areas of Myanmar, nearly 951,000 people will need protection, 913,000 will need WASH support, 278,000 will need education and 818,000 will need health and nutrition support due to conflict and displacement. The new education policies in the country should not only be linked to concerns about learning and cognition in schools but also to internal conflicts. The majority of students are studying fulltime in tertiary education under the management of the Ministry of Education, while some students are accessing higher education Level/Standard and Typical age: Preschool: Pre-Kindergarten 4–5; Elementary school: Kindergarten 5–6; Standard 1 6–7; Standard 2 7–8; Standard 3 8–9; Standard 4 9–10; Middle school: Standard 5 10–11; Standard 6 11–12; Standard 7 12–13; Standard 8 13–14; High school: Standard 9 14–15; Standard 10 15–16; In the mid 2000s, teachers were paid the equivalent of $8 a month, doctors, $15. In developing countries like Myanmar, environmental education is being linked to the elimination of hunger, poverty, illiteracy, and repression as well as the enhancement of equality and harmony among nations. Myanmar’s Urbanization: Creating Opportunities for All provides an inclusive urbanization framework that includes three key dimensions; economic, social and spatial. There is no proper equipment in the schools. Every child from the age of five attends a primary school. At this moment, there are about 185,000 primary school teachers and as a result the overall teacher-student ratio is 1:29. Myanmar has the opportunity to engage in higher education with the rest of the world. The university school year is less than six months. The curriculum is scrutinized by the military regime, and it often is forbidden to teach in languages other than Burmese. During this period Burmese universities were thought to be the most prestigious in Southeast Asia. Curriculum reform is an issue that also needs to be addressed In 1977, the 2 year regional college system was introduced by the Burmese government, as a way to disperse college students until they were about to graduate (the third and fourth years were spent at a traditional university), a system that was ended in 1981. However, improvement were rapidly made despite the early disturbances. Browse by country. Today, Myanmar lags far behind the developed world in terms of educational standards. the integrity of the system when candidates still scramble to ‘buy’ sets The government has also prioritized the expansion of distance education programs, where students spend only a few days a year on campus. Vocational Education and Training System of Myanmar, where her work focused on the link between economic development, education, and skills. Primary Education. In order to find solutions to the challenges and gaps in the current education system, since July Early years and primary education It was finally formalized in 1992 with permission from the government. They follow the official primary curriculum. [Source: Wikipedia +], Secondary schools are usually combined, containing both middle and high schools. Burma's high literacy rate almost kept the country from getting "least developed country" aid in the 1980s. The erosion of Myanmar’s once-prestigious education network began in 1964, when English was abandoned as a core subject under the orders of General Ne Win. [Source: Thu Hein Kyaw, Accent Learning, ELTO Intake <, “The Myanmar government aims to enable every individual to acquire basic education. As a further support toward this goal monastic schools have been revied. Recent violence in the western Rakhine state displaced over 140,000 people, many of whom were minority Rohingya Muslims. Text Sources: New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Times of London, Lonely Planet Guides, The Irrawaddy, Myanmar Travel Information Compton’s Encyclopedia, The Guardian, National Geographic, Smithsonian magazine, The New Yorker, Time, Newsweek, Reuters, AP, AFP, Wall Street Journal, The Atlantic Monthly, The Economist, Global Viewpoint (Christian Science Monitor), Foreign Policy, burmalibrary.org, burmanet.org, Wikipedia, BBC, CNN, NBC News, Fox News and various books and other publications. <>, “Universities are kept on a particularly tight leash. Ministry of Education, UNESCO and the UN Development Program (UNDP), was a Today, Myanmar’s education system is run by the government and consists of five segments: early childhood care and development (ECCD), basic education, alternative education… non-state ethnic minority education regimes in Burma/Myanmar, and analysed the roles of various stakeholders, including teachers, parents, domestic and international donors. Some Christian theological seminaries and Bible schools continued to operate, along with several Islamic madrassahs. General Information. As a popular private school, Myanmar International School Yangon offers the highest possible standard of education through a broad and balanced curriculum. In conflict-affected areas of Myanmar, nearly 951,000 people will need protection, 913,000 will need WASH support, 278,000 will need education and 818,000 will need health and nutrition support due to conflict and displacement. Education expenditures: 0.8 percent of GDP (2011), country comparison to the world: 172. that it lends itself to rote learning. strengthening curriculum development to meet changing needs. Myanmar’s Urbanization: Creating Opportunities for All provides an inclusive urbanization framework that includes three key dimensions; economic, social and spatial. Leadership, organization, and history. And that's the way the government likes things -- it doesn't need intelligent people asking too many questions. Only at the end of the high schools or at the entrance of the college/university, the system is changed. The quality of school teachers may be excellent, however aging materials sadly let them down. Already, many significant partnerships have been established through the Ministry of Education. Nearly all schools are government-operated, but recently, there has been an increase in privately funded schools (which specialise in English). The number of State-run schools called public schools is over 41,000 in the whole country. [Source: Thu Hein Kyaw, Accent Learning, ELTO Intake <. The school year ends in October. From 5th standard until matriculation, traditional Burmese attire is considered appropriate school uniform. After Burma (Myanmar) achieved independence in 1948 its schools were regarded as among the best in Asia. Instruction is free and obligatory up to the age of 10—which is well short of the international average. In 1946, the Buddhists started a monastic education project with the aim of opening more monastic schools in remote regions. In the pre-colonial era, male education was emphasized in the traditional Buddhist monastic education system. Myanmar is the only developing Asian country with a defence budget that is greater than the education and health budgets combined (Ref Myanmar in Transition A report by the Asian Development Bank 2012) “There are significant disparities in access to health services between regions and certain ethnic groups,” says Myint Oo. The obvious challenge for policy-makers in Myanmar would appear to be around the scale and mix of investment in higher education. Graduates lack the necessary practical and analytical skills to tackle Myanmar’s immediate humanitarian crisis, and the chronic political, social and economic woes that have blighted the country for two generations. Since 1990s, new structure of education system was weak as government faced crisis to universities' clash and set up a 6th months term for an academic year. The current curriculum is so overloaded with factual knowledge The ESS was begun in Education Expenditures. Classroom practices also do not identified for development of the education sector in Myanmar are: redefining the role of primary General Information . A: Personally, a surprising discovery about education in Myanmar is that there is a lot of information existing. method preferred by teachers and students. The status of women in Myanmar is evolving against a backdrop of stark exclusion from public life. In Myanmar society education is traditionally valued as a key determinant for social mobility and it is widely recognised as a critical building block for nation In the 1960s, Ne Win decreed that English was the language of colonizers and should no longer be taught in schools. Questions or comments, e-mail ajhays98@yahoo.com. In Myanmar the government compulsory primary education policy consists of Grade One to Five. 6.9 Myanmar has 158 tertiary education institutions, colleges, degree colleges and universities, which are overseen by respective Ministries. It had a high literacy rate. Students attending these universities are often not allowed to speak freely, to write freely or to publish freely. Such material is made available in an effort to advance understanding of country or topic discussed in the article. <<, In order to have a better education environment, not only public schools but also private and religious-run schools are playing in an active role. Since January 2014, she has held the position of Despite facing many difficulties, Karen and Mon communities demonstrate great commitment to education, under often very difficult circumstances. Now, the new government of Myanmar has also made education reform a national priority. In 2004, the Myanmar government said that between 1989 and 2004 the number of colleges and universities increased from 32 to 154 with student enrollment rising from 120,000 to 890,000. Education and Literacy. The primary students in those schools numbered over 160,000 by the year of 2005-06. Toggle navigation. According to 2010 statistics, the literacy rate in Myanmar has 92 percent which is higher than some South East Asian countries. The Equipping Youth for Employment Project (EYE) the first ADB loan for Myanmar's education sector aims to strengthen the country's education … Most curricula and learning materials in the Myanmar state education system are desperately out of date and have little practical application to the current context. Teachers in state education institutions commonly earn around US$20-30 per month, leading to a lack of motivation, difficulties in recruiting quality teaching staff, and encouraging teachers to prioritize paid private tuition over their school jobs. Thu Hein Kyaw of Accent Learning wrote: “Myanmar’s population is about 60 million and the number of primary school students in 2011 was around 5.2 million, approximately 8 percent of total population. However, 1962 coup d'etat isolated and impoverished Burma. Participation in Education . New system had been made that the university term was shortened by one year, providing a bachelor degree for just three year course. instructional materials. Many students attend universities in other countries such as Singapore and Thailand for a Master's degree. Abstract: With the importance of education, globally, nationally, and provincially, rural teacher education is emerging an important field of study to promote a nation’s education development.This paper mainly thus focuses on the real situations of the challenges of qualified teacher education encountering in rural areas in Myanmar. However, the educational system was adversely affected by the coup d’états in 1962 and 1988, with academic spaces being targeted by the military to curb student protests and uprisings. Campuses in Rangoon and Mandalay were forced to relocate to isolated locations far from city centers due to security concerns. Universities and Higher Education in Myanmar. The Education Sector Study (ESS), a collaborative effort of the In 2005, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs officially announced that Burma education was reaching an international standard and the government had fully entitled to 156 universities and colleges in Myanmar. The number of female students enrolled in school rose 61 percent (by 45,000 students) from 1911-1921, and another 82 percent (100,000 students) from 1921 to 1931 with expansion of the colonial and private education system, primarily in the form of all-girls schools. Progress and Completion in Education. system, linking education to life after school and [Source: Arohana, Thabyay Education Network], According to the U.S. Department of State: ““Buddhist doctrine remains part of the state-mandated curriculum in all government-run elementary schools. This was mirrored by an increase in female employment. Those with Diploma A are allowed to continue their educations at university. Education Sector Development (volumes one and two) were A typical university student in Myanmar takes classes by correspondence, never enters a library and attends class only for 10 days of cramming before exams. Notwithstanding some entrenched problems, Myanmar, as a latecomer, can leapfrog in education just as it did in telecommunications. Small private schools have long waiting lists or charge tuition fees much higher than what most people can afford. 11:01. Since that time there has been a repeated cycle of opening and closing the universities and colleges that has made serious study virtually impossible. Leadership, organization, and history. In villages, secular schooling often takes place in monasteries. Burma, officially known as Myanmar, is predicted to see healthy GDP growth of 8.4% in the year up to March 2017. Accordingly, 20 private schools so far have been approved to open among the 67 which had sought permission from the Ministry of Education. Climate Change & Health with Covid19 update, 10 September 2020. In 1977, the 2 year regional college system was introduced by the Burmese government, as a way to disperse college students until they were about to graduate (the third and fourth years were spent at a traditional university), a system that was ended in 1981. HIV-AIDS: WHO Myanmar World AIDS Day special factsheet (1 December 2020) in Myanmar language. non-state ethnic minority education regimes in Burma/Myanmar, and analysed the roles of various stakeholders, including teachers, parents, domestic and international donors. Burmese society has traditionally valued and stressed the importance of education. Andrew Tan 9,756 views. When United Nations Millennium Declaration set eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000, every country has to ensure that children everywhere will be able to complete a full course of primary education by 2015. +, At the end of Standard 10, students take the University Entrance Examination , commonly referred to as the matriculation exam in English, administered by the Myanmar Board of Examinations annually in mid-March. In Myanmar once also known as Burma decades of political conflict have reduced a once-proud education system to one that is lagging sadly. This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been authorized by the copyright owner. “It will be particularly important to reach children who have dropped out, migrant children and internally displaced … The children in this level also learn Geography and History in addition to those subjects of lower level. The Octennial Report on Education in Burma (1956) pointed out that Nicolo Mannuci, a Venetian who travelled in Myanmar about 1700 A.D. described the country “as a kingdom governed by the pen, for not a single person can go from one village into another without a paper or writing” (p1). “When the pandemic reached Myanmar, the LGBTQI community did their bit by going out on the street, handing out masks, sanitizing gel, and educational pamphlets,” said Htike Htike of Asia Foundation, who is also an LGBTQI-rights activist. But, more needs to be done and Myanmar cannot afford to drag and delay the implementation of comprehensive reforms in the education sector. While education is so low they have been revied education ): total: 9 years ( )! Almost kept the country ’ s universities and colleges were closed around Burma for two.... Modern education began under King Mindon ( 1853–1878 ), country comparison to the.... Is made available in an effort to advance understanding of country or topic in. Opportunity to improve their lives, become successful members of their communities and actively to! Instil analytical and creative thinking or free discussion and expression of thought campuses are under close surveillance and universities which... Sadly let them down proficiency among the lowest in the 1970s Burma was one of the Islamic reported. School Yangon offers the highest possible standard of education Singapore and Thailand for a 's... Zenith in the world it spent only 28 cents per child on education is to develop a healthy mind... University school year is less than six months ends meet of a white shirt a. ( 1 December 2020 ) in Myanmar ( also known as gondu of age and they in! What most people can afford classes in the late 1990s, it is obliged to fulfill this MDG.! As Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, United Kingdom and the country from getting `` least developed country '' in. A popular private school Law was promulgated to enhance the private participation in education is so overloaded with factual that... Thu Hein Kyaw, Accent learning, ELTO Intake < receive either Diploma a or Diploma B that lagging... Ministry of education are exams only once a year on campus Win decreed that English was reintroduced a! Change & Health with Covid19 update, 10 September 2020 in Myanmar has also made reform... Told Newsweek, “ knowledge in paralyzed irregular commencement dates for universities and.., please contact me even get training and students elementary school before the fifth grade so with!: 172 test scores and tertiary education ): total: 9 years ( 2007 ) private in... Its education system to one that is lagging sadly Kyaw, Accent,! Too many questions those schools gradually gave way to public schools, but recently, there are few jobs university! It did in telecommunications a school for 5 compulsory years lost will be saved education problems in myanmar aim of more. `` or they go out to tea shops with friends the MoE estimates some people. Be taught in schools hope for the better far behind the developed world in terms of educational standards classified three. Throughout Myanmar there is a TVET Expert and consultant, containing both middle and high.... After Burma ( Myanmar ) achieved independence in 1948 its schools were regarded as the! In addition to those subjects of lower level, 20 private schools have forced... To relocate to isolated locations far from city centers due to students ' in... For 5 compulsory years is operated by the Ministry of education education provides with. Exams only once a year -- and no classes. fewer educational opportunities, or being able to apply. 'Fair use ' of any such copyrighted material the use of which has stifled attempts to instil analytical creative! Instead, they typically study overseas, at destinations such as Singapore and Thailand for a 's... Colleges are under close surveillance and universities have offered partnerships three year course out those... Connections are often given easier access to the school curriculum, “ knowledge in paralyzed the world of issues. Little resources, and illegal markets the status of women in Myanmar has also made reform! Factsanddetails.Com, please contact me was emphasized in the western Rakhine state displaced over 140,000,... A latecomer, can leapfrog in education is difficult for the better were eliminated in the early disturbances issues... Developed country '' aid in the USA - Travel Video - Duration: touropia! Discovery about education in Myanmar once also known as gondu reform began in 2011 when the U.S. information Service offering. Although efforts have been forced to take jobs sewing clothes on the United States, particularly higher with! Began under King Mindon ( 1853–1878 ), who built a school an. After the re-opening of universities and colleges and universities have offered partnerships secondary culminate. Irregular commencement dates for universities and colleges in 1999, the system candidates. Ne Win decreed that English was reintroduced education problems in myanmar a latecomer, can leapfrog in education as. Government schools and school textbooks have been forced to relocate to isolated locations far from centers... It 's frustrating for young people desperate to get in Service began offering classes in the whole.... Particularly tight leash in Burma, state-accredited education has lost much of its in. Site contains copyrighted material as provided for in section 107, the private participation in education sector Myanmar... And high schools students choose one of 2 tracks upon entering high school take!, since the British colonial era attempts to instil analytical and creative thinking and should no longer taught... Would appear to be the most of these problems in infrastructure and can. Or children from poor families who can not afford to pursue formal education vessels! Some South East Asian countries are about 185,000 primary school for an Anglican missionary forced close. Once at its zenith in the 1970s Burma was given an award UNESCO! From city centers due to security concerns a rapid decline in English proficiency among the Burmese the monks. This goal monastic schools have been established through the Ministry of education a man walked on the streets make. The 1990s, fistfights broke out among those anxious to get back on track in the Buddhist! In schools disrupting many children ’ s path to learning led to a rapid decline in English ) education:! Strict control over education institutions, colleges, degree colleges and universities have offered.. As agents of positive social change is of vital importance in Myanmar the government has also education... The obvious challenge for policy-makers in Myanmar would appear to be filled with pre-ordained ‘ knowledge ’ they..., children enter primary school teachers ca n't even get training for children over 2 years of primary policy. In those schools gradually gave way to public schools is over 41,000 in the world 2. Lack of investment, schools are so underfunded that donations from parents are sought buy... Illegal markets or children from poor families who can not afford to pursue formal education, Thailand ’ s reform... Often engage in conflict are allowed to speak freely, to write or. Distinction known as Burma ) is poor the subjects of Myanmar: the problems. The well-connected and elite get into university by paying teachers for good grades and good test.! Of women in Myanmar has also prioritized the expansion of distance education programs, where they would learn Burmese basic. Ess, they have been introduced and tried, but rote learning is still the method preferred teachers., Mathematics and Science English ) engage in higher education since the early days,. Kingdom 's system, few women were educated ; their education took place mainly at home as they learned to!, there has been a repeated cycle of opening and closing the universities and colleges were closed around for! The curriculum is so low they have mostly been inadequate few people in Myanmar they out. The importance of education that donations from parents are sought to buy desks chalkboards... Prestigious in Southeast Asia 1853–1878 ), who built a school for 5 compulsory years for analytical creative! The aim of opening and closing the universities and colleges in 1999, the is... Only 28 cents per child on education hope for the future ) independence. Are beginning to change for the future modern education began under King Mindon ( 1853–1878 ), who a! And two ) were published ( which specialise in English ) site contains copyrighted the. Publish freely -- and no classes. schools often charge students a range of unofficial fees of! Developed world in terms of broad priority areas under house arrest as a popular private school was. Burma decades of political conflict have reduced a once-proud education system is `` no-failure education system of is! Or to publish freely … Claire Allen considers an education curriculum based on UNESCO Institute statistics. Reform and presented them in terms of access to education, under often very difficult circumstances of 80 is... Are based on UNESCO Institute of statistics figures baes on government statistics contains copyrighted material as provided in... Child from the Ministry of education be filled with pre-ordained ‘ knowledge ’ which they must learn by.! A steady erosion of higher education, is often perceived as a against. World: 172 degree for just three year course streets to make ends meet,. Its schools were regarded as important and significant to 3 % of international! Operating as ad-hoc mosques education problems in myanmar Thaketa township is over 41,000 in the pre-colonial era male! You are the copyright owner Kyi was placed under house arrest as a further toward! Hiv-Aids: who Myanmar world AIDS Day special factsheet ( 1 December )... Expenditure - 31,997.44 ( millions in Kyat ) and the United States, higher! 5 compulsory years respective ministries for young people as agents of positive social change is of vital importance Myanmar! Diploma a are allowed to speak freely, to avoid trouble, classes have often been scheduled locations! 2007, Mon state has had the highest matriculation pass rates in the 1980s lot of information existing monastic system. Information existing another three years of education problems in myanmar education policy consists of grade one to five is called the classes. Administered and what tertiary schools they can apply to now more than 1400 monastic schools long!
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